손작(孫綽)
경치가 아름다운 회계의 산수간에서 사안 , 왕희지(王羲之), 이충(李充), 허순(許詢), 지둔(支遁) 등과 청담(淸談)을 나누었다.
또한, 진(晉)나라 때인 353년에 손작(孫綽)을 포함 왕희지(王羲之), 사안(謝安) 등 41명이 중국 저장성[浙江省] 샤오싱시[紹興市] 서남쪽에 있는 유명한 정자인 란팅 [蘭亭(난정), Lan Pavilion] 에서 악신(惡神)을 내쫓는 의식을 치렀다.
손작(孫綽) 관련 한시
情人碧玉歌(정인벽옥가)
邵雍 (소옹, 1011~1077)
邵雍(소옹, 1011~1077)
異名: 邵雍(Shào Yōng), 호 안락선생(安樂先生), 자 요부(堯夫), 시호 강절(康節)
국적: 중국 송(宋)
활동분야: 철학
주요저서: 《황극경세서(皇極經世書)》 《관물내외편(觀物內外編)》
중국 송(宋)나라의 학자 ·시인. 도가사상의 영향을 받고 유교의 역철학(易哲學)을 발전시켜 특이한 수리철학(數理哲學)을 만들었다. 그는 음(陰) ·양(陽) ·강(剛) ·유(柔)의 4원(四元)을 근본으로 하고, 4의 배수(倍數)로서 모든 것을 설명하였다.
異名: 邵雍(Shào Yōng), 호 안락선생(安樂先生), 자 요부(堯夫), 시호 강절(康節)
국적: 중국 송(宋)
활동분야: 철학
주요저서: 《황극경세서(皇極經世書)》 《관물내외편(觀物內外編)》
중국 송(宋)나라의 학자 ·시인. 도가사상의 영향을 받고 유교의 역철학(易哲學)을 발전시켜 특이한 수리철학(數理哲學)을 만들었다. 그는 음(陰) ·양(陽) ·강(剛) ·유(柔)의 4원(四元)을 근본으로 하고, 4의 배수(倍數)로서 모든 것을 설명하였다.
蘇軾 (소식, 1036~1101)
소식(蘇軾, 1036.12.19~1101.7.28)
異名: 호 동파거사(東坡居士), 자 자첨(子瞻), 애칭(愛稱) 파공(坡公), 파선(坡仙)
국적: 중국 북송
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 메이산[眉山:지금의 四川省]
주요작품: 적벽부(赤壁賦)
중국 북송 때의 제1의 시인. “독서가 만 권에 달하여도 율(律)은 읽지 않는다” 고 해 초유의 필화사건을 일으켰다. 당시(唐詩)가 서정적인 데 대하여 그의 시는 철학적 요소가 짙었고 새로운 시경(詩境)을 개척하였다. 대표작인 《적벽부(赤壁賦)》는 불후의 명작으로 널리 애창되고 있다.
異名: 호 동파거사(東坡居士), 자 자첨(子瞻), 애칭(愛稱) 파공(坡公), 파선(坡仙)
국적: 중국 북송
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 메이산[眉山:지금의 四川省]
주요작품: 적벽부(赤壁賦)
중국 북송 때의 제1의 시인. “독서가 만 권에 달하여도 율(律)은 읽지 않는다” 고 해 초유의 필화사건을 일으켰다. 당시(唐詩)가 서정적인 데 대하여 그의 시는 철학적 요소가 짙었고 새로운 시경(詩境)을 개척하였다. 대표작인 《적벽부(赤壁賦)》는 불후의 명작으로 널리 애창되고 있다.
蘇小小 (소소소, Su Xiaoxiao)
蘇小小(소소소)
異名: 쑤샤오샤오, Sū Xiǎoxiǎo, Su Xiǎojun
중국의 역대 미인 중에 최고로 꼽는 4대 미인이 누구인지에 대해서는 여러 가지 설이 있을 수 있지만 일반적으로 서시(西施), 왕소군(王昭君), 초선(貂蟬), 양귀비(楊貴妃) 4명을 4대 미인으로 꼽는다. 이런 4명의 미인가운데 중국인들은 역시 나라를 보다 확실하게 망하게 한 서시를 최고의 미인으로 꼽는다고 한다. 그 서시가 항주 출신이라는 데서, 중국의 항주는 미녀의 고향으로 유명하다. 그런데 서시만큼은 평가를 받지 못하지만 오늘날까지 항주를 비롯한 중국 남부에서 사랑을 받는 항주미인이 있으니 그의 이름이 바로 소소소(蘇小小)이다. 아마도 몸집이 크지 않고 아담해서 소소(小小)라는 이름을 얻었을 이 아가씨가 살던 시기는 남제(南齊 479-502)시대로서. 당나라가 망한 뒤에 양자강 남쪽에서 수많은 왕국들이 교대하던 그런 시기였다.
異名: 쑤샤오샤오, Sū Xiǎoxiǎo, Su Xiǎojun
중국의 역대 미인 중에 최고로 꼽는 4대 미인이 누구인지에 대해서는 여러 가지 설이 있을 수 있지만 일반적으로 서시(西施), 왕소군(王昭君), 초선(貂蟬), 양귀비(楊貴妃) 4명을 4대 미인으로 꼽는다. 이런 4명의 미인가운데 중국인들은 역시 나라를 보다 확실하게 망하게 한 서시를 최고의 미인으로 꼽는다고 한다. 그 서시가 항주 출신이라는 데서, 중국의 항주는 미녀의 고향으로 유명하다. 그런데 서시만큼은 평가를 받지 못하지만 오늘날까지 항주를 비롯한 중국 남부에서 사랑을 받는 항주미인이 있으니 그의 이름이 바로 소소소(蘇小小)이다. 아마도 몸집이 크지 않고 아담해서 소소(小小)라는 이름을 얻었을 이 아가씨가 살던 시기는 남제(南齊 479-502)시대로서. 당나라가 망한 뒤에 양자강 남쪽에서 수많은 왕국들이 교대하던 그런 시기였다.
孫武 (Sun Tzu, 544BC-496BC)
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu (simplified Chinese: 孙武; traditional Chinese: 孫武; pinyin: Sūn Wǔ), style name Changqing (長卿), better known as Sun Tzu or Sunzi (simplified Chinese: 孙子; traditional Chinese: 孫子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ; pronounced [swə́n tsɨ̀]), was an ancient Chinese military general, strategist and philosopher who is traditionally believed to be the author of The Art of War, an influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as an author of The Art of War and through legend.
Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Tze or Sun Wu in other translations, was a historical figure whose authenticity is questioned by historians. Traditional accounts place him in the Spring and Autumn Period of China (722–481 BC) as a military general serving under King Helü of Wu, who lived c. 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the completion of The Art of War in the Warring States Period (476–221 BC), based on the descriptions of warfare in the text, and on the similarity of text's prose to other works completed in the early Warring States period.
Traditional accounts state that his descendant, Sun Bin, also wrote a treatise on military tactics, titled Sun Bin's Art of War. Both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun Tzu in classical Chinese writings, and some historians believed that Sun Wu was in fact Sun Bin until Sun Bin's own treatise was discovered in 1972. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Sun Tzu's The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society, and his work continues to influence both Asian and Western culture and politics.
The oldest available sources disagree as to where Sun Tzu was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals states that Sun Tzu was born in Qi, while the later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) states that Sun Tzu was a native of Wu.
Both sources agree that Sun Tzu was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period of China (722–481 BC), and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving the king of Wu, King Helü, in the late sixth century BC, beginning around 512 BC. Sun Tzu's victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States Period (475–221 BC), a time of constant war among seven nations (Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei and Yan) who fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China.
One of the more well-known stories about Sun Tzu, taken from Shiji, illustrates Sun Tzu's temperament as follows: Before hiring Sun Tzu, the King of Wu tested Sun Tzu's skills by commanding him to train a harem of 180 concubines into soldiers. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders. When Sun Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. Sun Tzu then ordered the execution of the king's two favored concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if the general's soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. Sun Tzu also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them. Afterwards, both companies performed their maneuvers flawlessly.
Shiji claims that Sun Tzu later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, in the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise. However, Zuo Zhuan, an earlier historical text which provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, does not mention Sun Tzu at all.
Sun Tzu's descendant, Sun Bin, also became a famous scholar of the military arts.
Quotes·Quotation by Sun Tzu
War
¶ 知彼知己百戰不殆。
If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Tzu
西施 (Xi Shi, 506 BC – ?)
Xi Shi (西施, 506 BC – ?)
Xi Shi (Chinese: 西施; pinyin: Xī Shī, 506 BC – ?) was one of the renowned Four Beauties of ancient China. She was said to have lived during the end of Spring and Autumn Period in Zhuji, the capital of the ancient State of Yue. Her name was Shi Yiguang (施夷光).[1]
Xi Shi's beauty was said to be so extreme that while leaning over a balcony to look at the fish in the pond, the fish would be so dazzled that they forgot to swim and gradually sunk away from the surface. This description serves as the first two characters of the Chinese idiom 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花 (pinyin: chényú luòyàn, bìyuè xiūhuā), which is used to compliment someone's beauty.
The Story of Xi Shi
King Goujian of Yue, king of Yue, was once imprisoned after a defeat in a war by King Fuchai of Wu, king of the State of Wu. The state of Yue later became a tributary to Wu. Secretly planning his revenge, Goujian's minister Wen Zhong suggested training beautiful women and offering them to Fuchai as a tribute (knowing Fuchai could not resist beautiful women). His other minister, Fan Li, found Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, and gifted them to Fuchai in 490 BC.
Bewitched by the beauty and kindness of Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, Fuchai forgot all about his state affairs and at their instigation, killed his best advisor, the great general Wu Zixu. Fuchai even built Guanwa Palace (Palace of Beautiful Women) in an imperial park on the slope of Lingyan Hill, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Suzhou. The strength of Wu dwindled, and in 473 BC Goujian launched his strike and put the Wu army to full rout. King Fuchai lamented that he should have listened to Wu Zixu, and then committed suicide.
In the legend, after the fall of Wu, Fan Li retired from his ministerial post and lived with Xi Shi on a fishing boat, roaming like fairies in the misty wilderness of Taihu Lake, and no one saw them ever again. This is according to Yuan Kang's Yue Jueshu 《越绝书》. Another version, according to Mozi, is that Xi Shi eventually died from drowning in the river. (西施之沈，其美也)
Influence
She is remembered by the Xi Shi Temple, which lies at the foot of the Zhu Luo Hill (苎萝)in the southern part of the city, on the banks of the Huansha River.
The West Lake in Hangzhou is said to be the incarnation of Xi Shi, hence it is also called Xizi Lake, Xizi being another name for Xi Shi, meaning Lady Xi. In his famous work of song poetry, Drinks at West Lake through Sunshine and Rain (飲湖上初睛居雨), renowned scholar Su Dongpo compared Xi Shi's beauty to the West Lake.
Li Bai of the Tang dynasty wrote a poem about Xi Shi.
Imogen Heap released a song in 2012 titled Xizi She Knows after spending time in Hangzhou, China.
The Shih Tzu dog, among other stories, is believed to be an attempt to make a dog as beautiful as Xi Shi.
Other references
There is another well-known figure of unknown origin, probably fictional and parodical, named Dong Shi (東施). The "Dong" in her name means "east" contrasting to Xi Shi's "Xi", which means "west". Apart from her name, she is said to be the exact opposite of Xi Shi in being extremely ugly. This in turn has created the saying "Dong Shi imitates a frown" (东施效颦), whereas Dongshi, being ugly and thus inviting no suitor, emphasized her own ugliness while imitating Xishi's look of sexualized frailty and suffering. The saying has taken on a meaning to signify one's vain attempt imitating another only to emphasize one's own weaknesses.
A tongue twister that works best in Mandarin references XiShi: 西施死時四十四，四十四時西施死。(XīShī sǐ shí sì shí sì, sì shí sì shí XīShī sǐ.) It means Xishi died at (the age of) forty-four, at (age) forty-four Xishi died.
References
[1]^ 古代笔记中的西施归宿之争
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Shi
人物: http://magupeople.blogspot.com/1983/05/xi-shi-506-bc.html
Xi Shi (Chinese: 西施; pinyin: Xī Shī, 506 BC – ?) was one of the renowned Four Beauties of ancient China. She was said to have lived during the end of Spring and Autumn Period in Zhuji, the capital of the ancient State of Yue. Her name was Shi Yiguang (施夷光).[1]
Xi Shi's beauty was said to be so extreme that while leaning over a balcony to look at the fish in the pond, the fish would be so dazzled that they forgot to swim and gradually sunk away from the surface. This description serves as the first two characters of the Chinese idiom 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花 (pinyin: chényú luòyàn, bìyuè xiūhuā), which is used to compliment someone's beauty.
The Story of Xi Shi
King Goujian of Yue, king of Yue, was once imprisoned after a defeat in a war by King Fuchai of Wu, king of the State of Wu. The state of Yue later became a tributary to Wu. Secretly planning his revenge, Goujian's minister Wen Zhong suggested training beautiful women and offering them to Fuchai as a tribute (knowing Fuchai could not resist beautiful women). His other minister, Fan Li, found Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, and gifted them to Fuchai in 490 BC.
Bewitched by the beauty and kindness of Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, Fuchai forgot all about his state affairs and at their instigation, killed his best advisor, the great general Wu Zixu. Fuchai even built Guanwa Palace (Palace of Beautiful Women) in an imperial park on the slope of Lingyan Hill, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Suzhou. The strength of Wu dwindled, and in 473 BC Goujian launched his strike and put the Wu army to full rout. King Fuchai lamented that he should have listened to Wu Zixu, and then committed suicide.
In the legend, after the fall of Wu, Fan Li retired from his ministerial post and lived with Xi Shi on a fishing boat, roaming like fairies in the misty wilderness of Taihu Lake, and no one saw them ever again. This is according to Yuan Kang's Yue Jueshu 《越绝书》. Another version, according to Mozi, is that Xi Shi eventually died from drowning in the river. (西施之沈，其美也)
Influence
She is remembered by the Xi Shi Temple, which lies at the foot of the Zhu Luo Hill (苎萝)in the southern part of the city, on the banks of the Huansha River.
The West Lake in Hangzhou is said to be the incarnation of Xi Shi, hence it is also called Xizi Lake, Xizi being another name for Xi Shi, meaning Lady Xi. In his famous work of song poetry, Drinks at West Lake through Sunshine and Rain (飲湖上初睛居雨), renowned scholar Su Dongpo compared Xi Shi's beauty to the West Lake.
Li Bai of the Tang dynasty wrote a poem about Xi Shi.
Imogen Heap released a song in 2012 titled Xizi She Knows after spending time in Hangzhou, China.
The Shih Tzu dog, among other stories, is believed to be an attempt to make a dog as beautiful as Xi Shi.
Other references
There is another well-known figure of unknown origin, probably fictional and parodical, named Dong Shi (東施). The "Dong" in her name means "east" contrasting to Xi Shi's "Xi", which means "west". Apart from her name, she is said to be the exact opposite of Xi Shi in being extremely ugly. This in turn has created the saying "Dong Shi imitates a frown" (东施效颦), whereas Dongshi, being ugly and thus inviting no suitor, emphasized her own ugliness while imitating Xishi's look of sexualized frailty and suffering. The saying has taken on a meaning to signify one's vain attempt imitating another only to emphasize one's own weaknesses.
A tongue twister that works best in Mandarin references XiShi: 西施死時四十四，四十四時西施死。(XīShī sǐ shí sì shí sì, sì shí sì shí XīShī sǐ.) It means Xishi died at (the age of) forty-four, at (age) forty-four Xishi died.
References
[1]^ 古代笔记中的西施归宿之争
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Shi
人物: http://magupeople.blogspot.com/1983/05/xi-shi-506-bc.html
司馬遷 (사마천, Sīmǎ Qiān, BC 145?~BC 86?)
司馬遷(사마천, BC 145?~BC 86?)
異名: 司马迁(SīmǎQiān), 자 자장
국적: 중국 전한
활동분야: 역사
출생지: 중국 섬서성(陝西省) 용문(龍門: 현재 韓城縣)시 하양(夏陽)
주요저서: 사기(史記)
전한시대의 역사가이며《사기(史記)》의 저자이다. 무제의 태사령이 되어 사기를 집필하였고 기원전 91년《사기》를 완성하였다. 중국 최고의 역사가로 칭송된다.
異名: 司马迁(SīmǎQiān), 자 자장
국적: 중국 전한
활동분야: 역사
출생지: 중국 섬서성(陝西省) 용문(龍門: 현재 韓城縣)시 하양(夏陽)
주요저서: 사기(史記)
전한시대의 역사가이며《사기(史記)》의 저자이다. 무제의 태사령이 되어 사기를 집필하였고 기원전 91년《사기》를 완성하였다. 중국 최고의 역사가로 칭송된다.
馬端臨 (마단림, 1254~1323)
마단림(馬端臨, 1254년 ~ 1323년)
마단림(馬端臨, 1254년 ~ 1323년)은 중국 남송 말 원초의 유학자로, 『문헌통고』의 편찬자이다. 자는 귀여(貴與), 호는 죽주(竹洲)이다. 강서(江西)의 낙평현(樂平縣)에서 태어났으며, 남송 말의 승상인 마정란(馬廷鸞)의 아들이다.
널리 여러 서적들을 섭렵하고, 휘주(徽州)의 조경(曹涇) 아래서 주자학을 수학했다. 음서로 승사랑(承事郞)이 되었으나, 남송이 멸망한 후에는 원 조정에 나아가지 않고, 자호서원(慈湖書院)과 가산서원(柯山書院)의 산장(山長)으로서 재야에 머물렀다. 이후 태주로(台州路) 교수(敎授)가 되었다.
당나라의 두우가 지은 『통전』의 빠진 부분을 보충하는 것을 지향하여 『문헌통고』를 편찬하였고, 이를 연우 4년(1317년)에 인종에게 진상하였다.
그밖의 저작으로 『대학집록(大學集錄)』, 『다식록(多識錄)』 등이 있다.
文獻通考(문헌통고)
마단림(馬端臨, 1254년 ~ 1323년)은 중국 남송 말 원초의 유학자로, 『문헌통고』의 편찬자이다. 자는 귀여(貴與), 호는 죽주(竹洲)이다. 강서(江西)의 낙평현(樂平縣)에서 태어났으며, 남송 말의 승상인 마정란(馬廷鸞)의 아들이다.
널리 여러 서적들을 섭렵하고, 휘주(徽州)의 조경(曹涇) 아래서 주자학을 수학했다. 음서로 승사랑(承事郞)이 되었으나, 남송이 멸망한 후에는 원 조정에 나아가지 않고, 자호서원(慈湖書院)과 가산서원(柯山書院)의 산장(山長)으로서 재야에 머물렀다. 이후 태주로(台州路) 교수(敎授)가 되었다.
당나라의 두우가 지은 『통전』의 빠진 부분을 보충하는 것을 지향하여 『문헌통고』를 편찬하였고, 이를 연우 4년(1317년)에 인종에게 진상하였다.
그밖의 저작으로 『대학집록(大學集錄)』, 『다식록(多識錄)』 등이 있다.
文獻通考(문헌통고)
謝薖 (사과, ？—1116年)
사과(謝薖, ？—1116年)
異名: 자(字) 요반(幼槃)，호(號) 죽우거사(竹友居士)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 撫州臨川(今江西撫州)
주요작품: 《竹友詞》十卷
異名: 자(字) 요반(幼槃)，호(號) 죽우거사(竹友居士)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 撫州臨川(今江西撫州)
주요작품: 《竹友詞》十卷
司空曙 (사공서, Sīkōng Shǔ, 740~790?)
사공서 [司空曙, 740~790?]
異名: 司空曙(Sīkōng Shǔ), 자 문명(文明)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 허베이성[河北省] 광핑[廣平]
주요저서: 《사공문명시집(司空文明詩集)》
중국 중당의 시인. 인품이 결벽하여 권신과 가까이하지 않고 가난을 감수하였다고 한다. 전기(錢起) 등과 함께 ‘대력십재자(大曆十才子)’의 한 사람으로 꼽힌다. 시집 《사공문명시집(司空文明詩集)》이 있다.
異名: 司空曙(Sīkōng Shǔ), 자 문명(文明)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 허베이성[河北省] 광핑[廣平]
주요저서: 《사공문명시집(司空文明詩集)》
중국 중당의 시인. 인품이 결벽하여 권신과 가까이하지 않고 가난을 감수하였다고 한다. 전기(錢起) 등과 함께 ‘대력십재자(大曆十才子)’의 한 사람으로 꼽힌다. 시집 《사공문명시집(司空文明詩集)》이 있다.
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