王昌齡(왕창령, 698~755?)
異名: 王昌龄(Wáng Chānglíng), 자 소백(少伯)
국적: 중국 당나라
활동분야: 문학
주요저서: 《장신추시(長信秋詩)》,《출새(出塞)》
칠언절구에서 뛰어난 작품이 많은 중국 당나라의 시인. 여인의 사랑의 비탄을 노래한 《장신추시(長信秋詩)》,《규원(閨怨)》 변경의 풍물과 군인의 향수를 노래한《출새(出塞)》,《종군기(從軍記)》가 유명하다.
王安石 (Wang Anshi, 1021-1086)
Wang Anshi (1021-1086)
Wang Anshi (Chinese: 王安石; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086 [3]) was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted controversial, major socioeconomic reforms. These reforms constituted the core concepts and motives of the Reformists, while their nemesis, Chancellor Sima Guang, led the Conservative faction against them.
In economics, his reforms expanded the use of money, broke up private monopolies and introduced some forms of government regulation and social welfare. In military affairs, he supported the use of local militias; and in education and government, he expanded the examination system and tried to suppress nepotism. Though successful for a while, he eventually fell out of favor of the emperor.
References
[1]^ hence referred to as Wáng Jīnggōng 王荊公
[2]^ hence referred to as Wáng Wéngōng 王文公
[3]^ 6th day of the 4th month of Yuanyou 1 (元祐元年四月六日), which corresponds to May 21, 1086 in the Julian calendar.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Anshi
人物: 王安石 (Wang Anshi, 1021-1086)
人物: 王安石 (왕안석, Wáng ānshí, 1021~1086)
Wang Anshi (Chinese: 王安石; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086 [3]) was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted controversial, major socioeconomic reforms. These reforms constituted the core concepts and motives of the Reformists, while their nemesis, Chancellor Sima Guang, led the Conservative faction against them.
In economics, his reforms expanded the use of money, broke up private monopolies and introduced some forms of government regulation and social welfare. In military affairs, he supported the use of local militias; and in education and government, he expanded the examination system and tried to suppress nepotism. Though successful for a while, he eventually fell out of favor of the emperor.
References
[1]^ hence referred to as Wáng Jīnggōng 王荊公
[2]^ hence referred to as Wáng Wéngōng 王文公
[3]^ 6th day of the 4th month of Yuanyou 1 (元祐元年四月六日), which corresponds to May 21, 1086 in the Julian calendar.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Anshi
人物: 王安石 (Wang Anshi, 1021-1086)
人物: 王安石 (왕안석, Wáng ānshí, 1021~1086)
王安石 (왕안석, Wáng ānshí, 1021~1086)
王安石(왕안석, 1021~1086)
異名: 王安石(Wáng ānshí), 자 개보(介甫), 호(號) 반산(半山)
국적: 중국 송(宋)
활동분야: 정치
중국 북송(北宋) 때의 문필가이자 정치인으로서 1069~1076년에 신법(新法)의 개혁 정책을 실시하였다.
異名: 王安石(Wáng ānshí), 자 개보(介甫), 호(號) 반산(半山)
국적: 중국 송(宋)
활동분야: 정치
중국 북송(北宋) 때의 문필가이자 정치인으로서 1069~1076년에 신법(新法)의 개혁 정책을 실시하였다.
王昭君 (Wang Zhaojun)
WANG Zhaojun (王昭君)
Wang Qiang (王牆 also 王檣; 王嬙), more commonly known by her style name Wang Zhaojun (王昭君) was a real person, born in Baoping Village, Zigui County (in current Hubei Province) in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 8 AD).[1] was sent by Emperor Yuan to marry the Xiongnu Chanyu (呼韓邪) in order to establish friendly relations with the Han Dynasty through marriage. She is famed as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China and her story as a ‘political bride’ has handed down to generations.
Role in the "Four Beauties" legend
According to the most prevalent version of the "Four Beauties" legend, the quartet's members are Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan or Diaochan, and Yang Guifei. They are described by four parallel Chinese quotations: "Xi Shi sinks fish; Wang Zhaojun drops birds; Diao Chan eclipses the moon; Yang Guifei shames flowers."[2] Wang Zhaojun's portion of the legend is that on a bright autumn morning she left her hometown on horseback and began a journey northward. Along the way, the horse neighed, making Zhaojun extremely sad and unable to control her emotions. As she sat on the saddle, she began to play sorrowful melodies on a stringed instrument. A flock of geese flying southward heard the music, saw the beautiful young woman riding the horse, immediately forgot to flap their wings, and fell to the ground. From then on, Zhaojun acquired the nickname "fells geese" or "drops birds."
Wang Zhaojun in History
Entering the harem
Wang Zhaojun was born to a prominent family of Baopin village, Zigui country (now Zhaojun village, Xingshan county, Hubei) in the south of the Western Han empire. As she was born when her father was very old, he regarded her as "a pearl in the palm". Wang Zhaojun was endowed with dazzling beauty with extremely intelligent mind. She was also adept in pipa and master all the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar – Guqin, Weiqi, Calligraphy and Chinese painting. In 36 BC, Emperor Yuan chose his concubines from the whole state. Because of Zhaojun’s fame in the county, she was his first choice for the concubine from Nan county. Emperor Yuan issued the edict that Zhaojun should enter the harem soon. Zhaojun’s father said that his daughter was too young to enter the harem, but could not violate the decree. Zhaojun left her hometown and entered the harem of Emperor Yuan in early summer. According to the custom in the palace, when choosing a new wife, the Emperor was first presented with portraits of all the possible women. It is said that because of Zhaojun's confidence of beauty and temperament, she refused to bribe the artist Mao Shouyan as other women did.[3] As a reprisal, Mao shouyan painted a mole of widowed tears on Zhaojun’s portrait.[4] As a result, during her time in the Lateral Courts, Wang Zhaojun was never visited by the emperor and remained as a palace lady-in-waiting. Wang Zhaojun's portrait was either never viewed by the Emperor, or was not in its true form, and therefore the Emperor overlooked her.[5]
Zhaojun Departs for the Frontier
In 33 BC, Huhanye Chanyu visited Chang'an as part of the tributary system that existed between the Han and Xiongnu governments. He took the opportunity to request to become an imperial son-in-law, which is recorded by Lou Jingde under Emperor Gaozu of Han. As Queen Mother Lü had only one daughter she did not have the heart to send her too far away. Typically the daughter of a concubine would then be offered, but, unwilling to honour Huhanye with a real princess, Emperor Yuan ordered that the plainest girl in the harem be selected.[6] He asked for volunteers and promised to present her as his own daughter. The idea of leaving their homeland and comfortable life at the court for the grasslands of the far and unknown north was abhorrent to most of the young women, but Wang Zhaojun accepted. When the matron of the harem sent the unflattering portrait of Wang Zhaojun to the emperor he merely glanced at it and nodded his approval. Only when summoned to court was Wang Zhaojun’s beauty revealed and the emperor considered retracting his decision to give her to the Xiongnu. However, it was too late by then and, in anguish, the emperor presented Wang Zhaojun to Huhanye, who was delighted. Relations with the Xiongnu subsequently improved and the court artist, Mao Shouyan, was subsequently put to death for deceiving the Emperor.[7]
Life with the Xiongnu
Wang Zhaojun became a favourite of the Huhanye chanyu, giving birth to two sons. Only one of them seems to have survived, Yituzhiyashi (伊屠智牙師). They also had at least one daughter, Yun (雲), who was created Princess Yimuo and who would later become a powerful figure in Xiongnu politics. When Huhanye died in 31 BC, Wang Zhaojun requested to return to China.Emperor Cheng, however, ordered that she follow Xiongnu levirate custom and become the wife of the next shanyu, the oldest brother (or her stepson, born by her husband's first wife) of her husband. In her new marriage she had two daughters.
Wang was honoured as Ninghu Yanzhi(寧胡閼氏 "Hu-Pacifying Chief-Consort").[8]
Evaluation
Zhaojun’s life became the household tale of "Zhaojun Departs the Frontier" (昭君出塞) in the history of the friendship and unity among Chinese nationalities as well as a popular subject in Chinese poetry, drama and novels. She advised Huhanye not to wage war and spread the Han culture and civilization among the Xiongnu tribe. As she was loved and respected by the Xiongnu, Huhanxie Chanyu conferred on her the title of the First Lady of Xiongnu Peace, eulogizing Zhaojun as a queen who had brought peace and security to the Xiongnu tribe. Peace was maintained for over 60 years between China and the Xiongnu with her contribution. Since the 3rd century, the story of Wang Zhaojun had been elaborated upon. The Communist government of the People's Republic of China uses her as a symbol of the integration of Han Chinese and ethnic minorities of China. There is a Memorial to Zhaojun in Inner Mongolia. Although it is called a "Tomb", she is not actually buried there. Her date of death and true grave is unknown.
References
[1]^ "王昭君简介". www.365zn.com.
[2]^ Xinhuanet.com. "纪连海叹说四大美人". Retrieved on 2010-02-20.
[3]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[4]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[5]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[6]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[7]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[8]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhaojun
人物: 王昭君 (Wang Zhaojun)
Wang Qiang (王牆 also 王檣; 王嬙), more commonly known by her style name Wang Zhaojun (王昭君) was a real person, born in Baoping Village, Zigui County (in current Hubei Province) in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 8 AD).[1] was sent by Emperor Yuan to marry the Xiongnu Chanyu (呼韓邪) in order to establish friendly relations with the Han Dynasty through marriage. She is famed as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China and her story as a ‘political bride’ has handed down to generations.
Role in the "Four Beauties" legend
According to the most prevalent version of the "Four Beauties" legend, the quartet's members are Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan or Diaochan, and Yang Guifei. They are described by four parallel Chinese quotations: "Xi Shi sinks fish; Wang Zhaojun drops birds; Diao Chan eclipses the moon; Yang Guifei shames flowers."[2] Wang Zhaojun's portion of the legend is that on a bright autumn morning she left her hometown on horseback and began a journey northward. Along the way, the horse neighed, making Zhaojun extremely sad and unable to control her emotions. As she sat on the saddle, she began to play sorrowful melodies on a stringed instrument. A flock of geese flying southward heard the music, saw the beautiful young woman riding the horse, immediately forgot to flap their wings, and fell to the ground. From then on, Zhaojun acquired the nickname "fells geese" or "drops birds."
Wang Zhaojun in History
Entering the harem
Wang Zhaojun was born to a prominent family of Baopin village, Zigui country (now Zhaojun village, Xingshan county, Hubei) in the south of the Western Han empire. As she was born when her father was very old, he regarded her as "a pearl in the palm". Wang Zhaojun was endowed with dazzling beauty with extremely intelligent mind. She was also adept in pipa and master all the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar – Guqin, Weiqi, Calligraphy and Chinese painting. In 36 BC, Emperor Yuan chose his concubines from the whole state. Because of Zhaojun’s fame in the county, she was his first choice for the concubine from Nan county. Emperor Yuan issued the edict that Zhaojun should enter the harem soon. Zhaojun’s father said that his daughter was too young to enter the harem, but could not violate the decree. Zhaojun left her hometown and entered the harem of Emperor Yuan in early summer. According to the custom in the palace, when choosing a new wife, the Emperor was first presented with portraits of all the possible women. It is said that because of Zhaojun's confidence of beauty and temperament, she refused to bribe the artist Mao Shouyan as other women did.[3] As a reprisal, Mao shouyan painted a mole of widowed tears on Zhaojun’s portrait.[4] As a result, during her time in the Lateral Courts, Wang Zhaojun was never visited by the emperor and remained as a palace lady-in-waiting. Wang Zhaojun's portrait was either never viewed by the Emperor, or was not in its true form, and therefore the Emperor overlooked her.[5]
Zhaojun Departs for the Frontier
In 33 BC, Huhanye Chanyu visited Chang'an as part of the tributary system that existed between the Han and Xiongnu governments. He took the opportunity to request to become an imperial son-in-law, which is recorded by Lou Jingde under Emperor Gaozu of Han. As Queen Mother Lü had only one daughter she did not have the heart to send her too far away. Typically the daughter of a concubine would then be offered, but, unwilling to honour Huhanye with a real princess, Emperor Yuan ordered that the plainest girl in the harem be selected.[6] He asked for volunteers and promised to present her as his own daughter. The idea of leaving their homeland and comfortable life at the court for the grasslands of the far and unknown north was abhorrent to most of the young women, but Wang Zhaojun accepted. When the matron of the harem sent the unflattering portrait of Wang Zhaojun to the emperor he merely glanced at it and nodded his approval. Only when summoned to court was Wang Zhaojun’s beauty revealed and the emperor considered retracting his decision to give her to the Xiongnu. However, it was too late by then and, in anguish, the emperor presented Wang Zhaojun to Huhanye, who was delighted. Relations with the Xiongnu subsequently improved and the court artist, Mao Shouyan, was subsequently put to death for deceiving the Emperor.[7]
Life with the Xiongnu
Wang Zhaojun became a favourite of the Huhanye chanyu, giving birth to two sons. Only one of them seems to have survived, Yituzhiyashi (伊屠智牙師). They also had at least one daughter, Yun (雲), who was created Princess Yimuo and who would later become a powerful figure in Xiongnu politics. When Huhanye died in 31 BC, Wang Zhaojun requested to return to China.Emperor Cheng, however, ordered that she follow Xiongnu levirate custom and become the wife of the next shanyu, the oldest brother (or her stepson, born by her husband's first wife) of her husband. In her new marriage she had two daughters.
Wang was honoured as Ninghu Yanzhi(寧胡閼氏 "Hu-Pacifying Chief-Consort").[8]
Evaluation
Zhaojun’s life became the household tale of "Zhaojun Departs the Frontier" (昭君出塞) in the history of the friendship and unity among Chinese nationalities as well as a popular subject in Chinese poetry, drama and novels. She advised Huhanye not to wage war and spread the Han culture and civilization among the Xiongnu tribe. As she was loved and respected by the Xiongnu, Huhanxie Chanyu conferred on her the title of the First Lady of Xiongnu Peace, eulogizing Zhaojun as a queen who had brought peace and security to the Xiongnu tribe. Peace was maintained for over 60 years between China and the Xiongnu with her contribution. Since the 3rd century, the story of Wang Zhaojun had been elaborated upon. The Communist government of the People's Republic of China uses her as a symbol of the integration of Han Chinese and ethnic minorities of China. There is a Memorial to Zhaojun in Inner Mongolia. Although it is called a "Tomb", she is not actually buried there. Her date of death and true grave is unknown.
References
[1]^ "王昭君简介". www.365zn.com.
[2]^ Xinhuanet.com. "纪连海叹说四大美人". Retrieved on 2010-02-20.
[3]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[4]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[5]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[6]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[7]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
[8]^ baike.baidu.com. "王昭君". zhiyang2005.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhaojun
人物: 王昭君 (Wang Zhaojun)
王勃 (왕발, Wáng Bó)
王勃(왕발)
이름: 王勃(Wáng Bó), 자 자안(子安)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 강주(絳州) 용문(龍門:山西省 河津縣)
주요저서: 《왕자안집(王子安集)》
초당(初唐) 4걸(四傑)이라 불리는 중국 당나라 초기의 대표적 시인. 종래의 완미(婉媚)한 육조 시(六朝詩)의 껍질을 벗어나 참신하고 건전한 정감을 읊어 성당 시(盛唐詩)의 선구자가 되었다. 특히 5언 절구(五言絶句)에 뛰어났다. 시문집 《왕자안집(王子安集)》 등을 남겼다.
이름: 王勃(Wáng Bó), 자 자안(子安)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 강주(絳州) 용문(龍門:山西省 河津縣)
주요저서: 《왕자안집(王子安集)》
초당(初唐) 4걸(四傑)이라 불리는 중국 당나라 초기의 대표적 시인. 종래의 완미(婉媚)한 육조 시(六朝詩)의 껍질을 벗어나 참신하고 건전한 정감을 읊어 성당 시(盛唐詩)의 선구자가 되었다. 특히 5언 절구(五言絶句)에 뛰어났다. 시문집 《왕자안집(王子安集)》 등을 남겼다.
劉禹錫 (유우석, 772~842)
劉禹錫(유우석, 772~842)
이름: 刘禹锡(Liú Yǔxī), 자 몽득(夢得)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 허베이성[河北省]
주요저서: 《유몽득문집(劉夢得文集)》,《외집(外集)》
중국 중당(中唐)의 시인. 박학굉사과(博學宏詞科)에 급제하여 회남절도사(淮南節度使) 두우(杜佑)의 막료가 되었으나 정치 개혁 실패로 낭주사마(朗州司馬), 연주자사(連州刺使)등으로 전직되고 중앙과 지방의 관직을 역임했다. 주요 저서에는 《유몽득문집(劉夢得文集)》,《외집(外集)》등이 있다.
이름: 刘禹锡(Liú Yǔxī), 자 몽득(夢得)
국적: 중국 당(唐)
활동분야: 문학
출생지: 중국 허베이성[河北省]
주요저서: 《유몽득문집(劉夢得文集)》,《외집(外集)》
중국 중당(中唐)의 시인. 박학굉사과(博學宏詞科)에 급제하여 회남절도사(淮南節度使) 두우(杜佑)의 막료가 되었으나 정치 개혁 실패로 낭주사마(朗州司馬), 연주자사(連州刺使)등으로 전직되고 중앙과 지방의 관직을 역임했다. 주요 저서에는 《유몽득문집(劉夢得文集)》,《외집(外集)》등이 있다.
劉長卿 (유장경, Liú Chángqīng)
유장경 [劉長卿, 725?~791?]
異名: 刘长卿, Liú Cháng Qīng, 자 문방(文房), 유수주(劉隨州), 오언장성(五言長城)
국적: 중국
활동분야: 정치, 시
출생지: 안후이성[安徽省] 선성(宣城) 또는 후베이성[河北省] 하간(河間)
주요작품: 《유수주시집(劉隨州詩集)》《외집(外集)》
오언시(五言詩)에 능하여 ‘오언장성(五言長城)’이라는 칭호를 듣던 중국 당나라 때의 시인. 시의 동일표현이 돋보이며 관리로서도 강직한 성격을 그대로 나타내 자주 권력자의 뜻을 거스르는 언동을 했다. 주요 작품에는 《유수주시집(劉隨州詩集)》,《외집(外集)》등이 있다.
異名: 刘长卿, Liú Cháng Qīng, 자 문방(文房), 유수주(劉隨州), 오언장성(五言長城)
국적: 중국
활동분야: 정치, 시
출생지: 안후이성[安徽省] 선성(宣城) 또는 후베이성[河北省] 하간(河間)
주요작품: 《유수주시집(劉隨州詩集)》《외집(外集)》
오언시(五言詩)에 능하여 ‘오언장성(五言長城)’이라는 칭호를 듣던 중국 당나라 때의 시인. 시의 동일표현이 돋보이며 관리로서도 강직한 성격을 그대로 나타내 자주 권력자의 뜻을 거스르는 언동을 했다. 주요 작품에는 《유수주시집(劉隨州詩集)》,《외집(外集)》등이 있다.
楊貴妃 (YANG Guifei, 719-756)
YANG Guifei (楊貴妃, 719-756)
Yang Yuhuan (traditional Chinese: 楊玉環; simplified Chinese: 杨玉环; pinyin: Yáng Yùhuán) (26 June,[citation needed] 719 — 15 July 756[1]), often known as Yang Guifei (simplified Chinese: 杨贵妃; traditional Chinese: 楊貴妃; pinyin: Yáng Guìfēi; literally "Imperial Consort Yang") (with Guifei being the highest rank for imperial consorts during her time), known briefly by the Taoist nun name Taizhen (太真),[2] was known as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. She was the beloved consort of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang during his later years.
During the An Lushan Rebellion, as Emperor Xuanzong and his cortege were fleeing from the capital Chang'an to Chengdu, the emperor's guards demanded that he put Yang to death because they blamed the rebellion on her cousin Yang Guozhong and the rest of her family. The emperor capitulated and reluctantly ordered his attendant Gao Lishi to strangle Yang to death.
Background
Yang was born in 719 during the Tang Dynasty, early in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Her great-great-grandfather Yang Wang (楊汪) was a key official during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, and, after the fall of the Sui Dynasty, served one of the contenders to succeed Sui, Wang Shichong; Yang Wang was then killed when Wang Shichong was defeated by Tang forces in 621.[3] Yang Wang was from Huayin (華陰; in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), but his clan subsequently relocated to Yongle (永樂; in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).
Yang's father Yang Xuanyan (楊玄琰) served as a census official at Shu Prefecture (蜀州; in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), and his family went there with him. He appeared to have had no sons, but had four daughters who were known to history — Yang Yuhuan and three older sisters.[4] Yang Xuanyan died when Yang Yuhuan was still young, so the latter was raised by her uncle Yang Xuanjiao (楊玄璬), who was a low-ranking official at Henan Municipality (河南府; modern Luoyang).
Princess and Taoist nun
In 733, sixteen year-old Yang Yuhuan married the son of Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Wu, Li Mao the Prince of Shou. She thus carried the title of Princess of Shou. After Consort Wu died in 737, Emperor Xuanzong was greatly saddened by the death of his then-favorite concubine. Some time after that however Princess Yang somehow came into Xuanzong's favor and the emperor decided to take her as his consort. However, since Princess Yang was already the wife of his son, Emperor Xuanzong stealthily arranged her to become a Taoist nun with the tonsured name Taizhen in order to prevent criticisms that would affect his plan of making her his concubine. Yang then stayed, for a brief moment, as a Taoist nun in the palace itself, before Emperor Xuanzong made her an imperial consort after bestowing his son Li Mao a new wife. Yang hence became the favorite consort of the emperor like Consort Wu was before.
Imperial consort
In 745, after Emperor Xuanzong gave the daughter of the general Wei Zhaoxun (韋昭訓) to Li Mao as his new wife and princess, he officially made Taizhen an imperial consort — with the newly created rank of Guifei, which was even greater than the previously highest rank of Huifei, carried by Consort Wu. He bestowed posthumous honors on her father Yang Xuanyan and granted her mother the title of Lady of Liang. He also gave high offices to her uncle Yang Xuangui (楊玄珪) and cousins Yang Xian (楊銛) and Yang Qi (楊錡). Her three older sisters were conferred the ranks of Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin, and it was said that whenever the noble women were summoned to imperial gatherings, even Emperor Xuanzong's highly honored sister Li Chiying (李持盈) the Princess Yuzhen did not dare to take a seat more honorable than theirs. Emperor Xuanzong also gave his favorite daughter Princess Taihua (born of Consort Wu) to Yang Qi in marriage. The five Yang households — those of Yang Xian, Yang Qi, and the Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin — were said to be exceedingly honored and rich, and all of the officials fought to flatter them. Also around the same time, her second cousin Yang Zhao (whose name was later changed to Yang Guozhong) was also introduced to Emperor Xuanzong by Consort Yang, and Yang Zhao began to be promoted due to his flattery of the emperor.
Consort Yang became so favored that whenever she rode a horse, the eunuch Gao Lishi would attend her. 700 laborers were conscripted to sew fabrics for her. The officials and generals flattered her by offering her exquisite tributes. In 746, there was an occasion when she angered Emperor Xuanzong by being jealous and rude to him, and he had her sent to her cousin Yang Xian's mansion. Later that day, however, his mood was such that he could not eat, and the servants were battered by him for minor offenses. Gao knew that he missed Consort Yang, and Gao requested that the treasures in Consort Yang's palace be sent to her. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and further sent imperial meals to her as well. That night, Gao requested that Emperor Xuanzong welcome Consort Yang back to the palace, a request that Emperor Xuanzong easily agreed to. Thereafter, she was even more favored, and no other imperial consort drew the favor of Emperor Xuanzong.
In 747, when the military governor (jiedushi) An Lushan arrived at the capital Chang'an to meet Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Xuanzong showed him much favor and allowed him into the palace. He had An honor Consort Yang as mother and Consort Yang's cousins and sisters as his brothers and sisters.
In 750, there was another occasion at which Consort Yang offended Emperor Xuanzong with her words, and he sent her back to her clan. The official Ji Wen (吉溫) told Emperor Xuanzong that he overreacted, and Emperor Xuanzong regretted his actions. He again sent imperial meals to her, and she wept to the eunuchs delivering the meal, stating:
My offense deserves death, and it is fortunate that His Imperial Majesty did not kill me, but instead returned me to my household. I will forever leave the palace. My gold, jade, and treasures were all given me by His Imperial Majesty, and it would be inappropriate for me to offer them back to him. Only what my parents gave me I would dare to offer.
She cut off some of her hair and had the hair taken back to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong had Gao escort her back to the palace, and thereafter loved her even greater.
In 751, An again visited Chang'an. On An's birthday on 20 February, 751,[5] Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Yang rewarded him with clothing, treasures, and food. On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies in waiting and eunuchs. When Emperor Xuanzong asked what was going on, Consort Yang's attendants joked that Consort Yang gave birth three days ago and was washing her baby Lushan. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. Thereafter, whenever An visited the capital, he was allowed free admittance to the palace, and there were rumors that he and Consort Yang had an affair, but Emperor Xuanzong discounted the rumors.
In 752, when the chancellor Li Linfu, in light of Nanzhao incursions against Jiannan Circuit (劍南道; headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), of which Yang Guozhen served as commander remotely, wanted to send Yang Guozhong to Jiannan to defend against the Nanzhao attacks, Consort Yang interceded on Yang Guozhong's behalf, and Yang Guozhong did not actually report to Jiannan. Li Linfu soon died, and Yang Guozhong became chancellor.
An Lushan's rebellion and Consort Yang's death
Yang Guozhong and An Lushan soon were in conflict with each other, and Yang Guozhong repeatedly tried to provoke An into rebelling, by actions including arresting and executing staff members at An's mansion in Chang'an. In 755, An finally reciprocated. In order to try to placate the populace, which believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked the rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong considered passing the throne to his crown prince Li Heng. Yang Guozhong, who was not on good terms with Li Heng, feared this development, and persuaded Consort Yang and the Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin to speak against it. Emperor Xuanzong, for the time being, did not abdicate the throne.
In 756, General Geshu Han was defeated by An's forces, after being forced by Yang Guozhong to engage An out of fear that Geshu Han himself might usurp the throne, and Tong Pass, the last major defense, fell to An's forces. Yang Guozhong suggested fleeing to Chengdu, the capital of Jiannan Circuit. On 14 July,[6] Emperor Xuanzong, keeping the news secret from the people of Chang'an, took the imperial guards to escort him, Consort Yang, her family, and his immediate clan members, and exited Chang'an, heading toward Chengdu. Attending him were Yang Guozhong, his fellow chancellor Wei Jiansu, the official Wei Fangjin (魏方進), the general Chen Xuanli, and some eunuchs and ladies in waiting close to him.
On 15 July,[1] Emperor Xuanzong's cortege reached Mawei Courier Station (simplified Chinese: 马嵬驿; traditional Chinese: 馬嵬驛; pinyin: Mǎwéi Yì, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The imperial guards were not fed and became angry at Yang Guozhong. Chen also believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this disaster and planned to accuse him; he reported his plans to Li Heng through Li Heng's eunuch Li Fuguo, but Li Heng was hesitant and gave no approval. Meanwhile, Tufan emissaries, who had followed Emperor Xuanzong south, were meeting with Yang Guozhong and complaining that they also had not been fed. The soldiers of the imperial guard took this opportunity to proclaim that Yang Guozhong was planning treason along with the Tufan emissaries, and they killed him, along with his son Yang Xuan (楊暄), the Ladies of Han and Qin, and Wei Fangjin. Wei Jiansu was also nearly killed, but was spared at the last moment with severe injuries. The soldiers then surrounded Emperor Xuanzong's pavilion, and refused to scatter even after Emperor Xuanzong came out to comfort them and order them to disperse. Chen publicly urged him to put Consort Yang to death — which Emperor Xuanzong initially declined. After Wei Jiansu's son Wei E (韋諤) and Gao Lishi spoke further, Emperor Xuanzong finally resolved to do so. He therefore had Gao take Consort Yang to a Buddhist shrine and strangle her. After he showed the body to Chen and the other imperial guard generals, the guard soldiers finally dispersed and prepared for further travel. Meanwhile, Yang Guozhong's wife Pei Rou (裴柔), son Yang Xi (楊晞), the Lady of Guo, and the Lady of Guo's son Pei Hui (裴徽) tried to flee, but were killed in flight. Consort Yang was buried at Mawei, without a coffin, but with masses of fragrances, wrapped in purple blankets.
In 757, Prince Li Heng, who had taken the throne as Emperor Suzong, recaptured Chang'an and welcomed ex-Emperor Xuanzong, then Taishang Huang (retired emperor) back to the capital. Emperor Xuanzong went through Mawei on his way back to Chang'an. He wanted to locate Consort Yang's body and rebury her with honor. The official Li Kui spoke against it, pointing out that the imperial guard soldiers would still be prone to reprisals if he did so. However, Emperor Xuanzong secretly sent eunuchs to rebury her with a coffin. When they found the body, it had decomposed, but the fragrance bag buried with her was still fresh. The eunuchs returned with the fragrance bag, and upon its presentation to Emperor Xuanzong, he wept bitterly. When he returned to Chang'an, he had a painter create a picture of Consort Yang in a secondary palace, and often went there to view the portrait.
Titles from birth to death
1 June 719-733 (14 years old) Lady Yang
733-737 (14 to 18 years old) Princess of Shou
737-745 (18 to 26 years old) Priestess Taizhen
745-15 July 756 (26 to 37 years old) Consort Yang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Guifei
人物: 楊貴妃 (YANG Guifei, 719-756)
Yang Yuhuan (traditional Chinese: 楊玉環; simplified Chinese: 杨玉环; pinyin: Yáng Yùhuán) (26 June,[citation needed] 719 — 15 July 756[1]), often known as Yang Guifei (simplified Chinese: 杨贵妃; traditional Chinese: 楊貴妃; pinyin: Yáng Guìfēi; literally "Imperial Consort Yang") (with Guifei being the highest rank for imperial consorts during her time), known briefly by the Taoist nun name Taizhen (太真),[2] was known as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. She was the beloved consort of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang during his later years.
During the An Lushan Rebellion, as Emperor Xuanzong and his cortege were fleeing from the capital Chang'an to Chengdu, the emperor's guards demanded that he put Yang to death because they blamed the rebellion on her cousin Yang Guozhong and the rest of her family. The emperor capitulated and reluctantly ordered his attendant Gao Lishi to strangle Yang to death.
Background
Yang was born in 719 during the Tang Dynasty, early in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Her great-great-grandfather Yang Wang (楊汪) was a key official during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, and, after the fall of the Sui Dynasty, served one of the contenders to succeed Sui, Wang Shichong; Yang Wang was then killed when Wang Shichong was defeated by Tang forces in 621.[3] Yang Wang was from Huayin (華陰; in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), but his clan subsequently relocated to Yongle (永樂; in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).
Yang's father Yang Xuanyan (楊玄琰) served as a census official at Shu Prefecture (蜀州; in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), and his family went there with him. He appeared to have had no sons, but had four daughters who were known to history — Yang Yuhuan and three older sisters.[4] Yang Xuanyan died when Yang Yuhuan was still young, so the latter was raised by her uncle Yang Xuanjiao (楊玄璬), who was a low-ranking official at Henan Municipality (河南府; modern Luoyang).
Princess and Taoist nun
In 733, sixteen year-old Yang Yuhuan married the son of Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Wu, Li Mao the Prince of Shou. She thus carried the title of Princess of Shou. After Consort Wu died in 737, Emperor Xuanzong was greatly saddened by the death of his then-favorite concubine. Some time after that however Princess Yang somehow came into Xuanzong's favor and the emperor decided to take her as his consort. However, since Princess Yang was already the wife of his son, Emperor Xuanzong stealthily arranged her to become a Taoist nun with the tonsured name Taizhen in order to prevent criticisms that would affect his plan of making her his concubine. Yang then stayed, for a brief moment, as a Taoist nun in the palace itself, before Emperor Xuanzong made her an imperial consort after bestowing his son Li Mao a new wife. Yang hence became the favorite consort of the emperor like Consort Wu was before.
Imperial consort
In 745, after Emperor Xuanzong gave the daughter of the general Wei Zhaoxun (韋昭訓) to Li Mao as his new wife and princess, he officially made Taizhen an imperial consort — with the newly created rank of Guifei, which was even greater than the previously highest rank of Huifei, carried by Consort Wu. He bestowed posthumous honors on her father Yang Xuanyan and granted her mother the title of Lady of Liang. He also gave high offices to her uncle Yang Xuangui (楊玄珪) and cousins Yang Xian (楊銛) and Yang Qi (楊錡). Her three older sisters were conferred the ranks of Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin, and it was said that whenever the noble women were summoned to imperial gatherings, even Emperor Xuanzong's highly honored sister Li Chiying (李持盈) the Princess Yuzhen did not dare to take a seat more honorable than theirs. Emperor Xuanzong also gave his favorite daughter Princess Taihua (born of Consort Wu) to Yang Qi in marriage. The five Yang households — those of Yang Xian, Yang Qi, and the Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin — were said to be exceedingly honored and rich, and all of the officials fought to flatter them. Also around the same time, her second cousin Yang Zhao (whose name was later changed to Yang Guozhong) was also introduced to Emperor Xuanzong by Consort Yang, and Yang Zhao began to be promoted due to his flattery of the emperor.
Consort Yang became so favored that whenever she rode a horse, the eunuch Gao Lishi would attend her. 700 laborers were conscripted to sew fabrics for her. The officials and generals flattered her by offering her exquisite tributes. In 746, there was an occasion when she angered Emperor Xuanzong by being jealous and rude to him, and he had her sent to her cousin Yang Xian's mansion. Later that day, however, his mood was such that he could not eat, and the servants were battered by him for minor offenses. Gao knew that he missed Consort Yang, and Gao requested that the treasures in Consort Yang's palace be sent to her. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and further sent imperial meals to her as well. That night, Gao requested that Emperor Xuanzong welcome Consort Yang back to the palace, a request that Emperor Xuanzong easily agreed to. Thereafter, she was even more favored, and no other imperial consort drew the favor of Emperor Xuanzong.
In 747, when the military governor (jiedushi) An Lushan arrived at the capital Chang'an to meet Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Xuanzong showed him much favor and allowed him into the palace. He had An honor Consort Yang as mother and Consort Yang's cousins and sisters as his brothers and sisters.
In 750, there was another occasion at which Consort Yang offended Emperor Xuanzong with her words, and he sent her back to her clan. The official Ji Wen (吉溫) told Emperor Xuanzong that he overreacted, and Emperor Xuanzong regretted his actions. He again sent imperial meals to her, and she wept to the eunuchs delivering the meal, stating:
My offense deserves death, and it is fortunate that His Imperial Majesty did not kill me, but instead returned me to my household. I will forever leave the palace. My gold, jade, and treasures were all given me by His Imperial Majesty, and it would be inappropriate for me to offer them back to him. Only what my parents gave me I would dare to offer.
She cut off some of her hair and had the hair taken back to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong had Gao escort her back to the palace, and thereafter loved her even greater.
In 751, An again visited Chang'an. On An's birthday on 20 February, 751,[5] Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Yang rewarded him with clothing, treasures, and food. On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies in waiting and eunuchs. When Emperor Xuanzong asked what was going on, Consort Yang's attendants joked that Consort Yang gave birth three days ago and was washing her baby Lushan. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. Thereafter, whenever An visited the capital, he was allowed free admittance to the palace, and there were rumors that he and Consort Yang had an affair, but Emperor Xuanzong discounted the rumors.
In 752, when the chancellor Li Linfu, in light of Nanzhao incursions against Jiannan Circuit (劍南道; headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), of which Yang Guozhen served as commander remotely, wanted to send Yang Guozhong to Jiannan to defend against the Nanzhao attacks, Consort Yang interceded on Yang Guozhong's behalf, and Yang Guozhong did not actually report to Jiannan. Li Linfu soon died, and Yang Guozhong became chancellor.
An Lushan's rebellion and Consort Yang's death
Yang Guozhong and An Lushan soon were in conflict with each other, and Yang Guozhong repeatedly tried to provoke An into rebelling, by actions including arresting and executing staff members at An's mansion in Chang'an. In 755, An finally reciprocated. In order to try to placate the populace, which believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked the rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong considered passing the throne to his crown prince Li Heng. Yang Guozhong, who was not on good terms with Li Heng, feared this development, and persuaded Consort Yang and the Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin to speak against it. Emperor Xuanzong, for the time being, did not abdicate the throne.
In 756, General Geshu Han was defeated by An's forces, after being forced by Yang Guozhong to engage An out of fear that Geshu Han himself might usurp the throne, and Tong Pass, the last major defense, fell to An's forces. Yang Guozhong suggested fleeing to Chengdu, the capital of Jiannan Circuit. On 14 July,[6] Emperor Xuanzong, keeping the news secret from the people of Chang'an, took the imperial guards to escort him, Consort Yang, her family, and his immediate clan members, and exited Chang'an, heading toward Chengdu. Attending him were Yang Guozhong, his fellow chancellor Wei Jiansu, the official Wei Fangjin (魏方進), the general Chen Xuanli, and some eunuchs and ladies in waiting close to him.
On 15 July,[1] Emperor Xuanzong's cortege reached Mawei Courier Station (simplified Chinese: 马嵬驿; traditional Chinese: 馬嵬驛; pinyin: Mǎwéi Yì, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The imperial guards were not fed and became angry at Yang Guozhong. Chen also believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this disaster and planned to accuse him; he reported his plans to Li Heng through Li Heng's eunuch Li Fuguo, but Li Heng was hesitant and gave no approval. Meanwhile, Tufan emissaries, who had followed Emperor Xuanzong south, were meeting with Yang Guozhong and complaining that they also had not been fed. The soldiers of the imperial guard took this opportunity to proclaim that Yang Guozhong was planning treason along with the Tufan emissaries, and they killed him, along with his son Yang Xuan (楊暄), the Ladies of Han and Qin, and Wei Fangjin. Wei Jiansu was also nearly killed, but was spared at the last moment with severe injuries. The soldiers then surrounded Emperor Xuanzong's pavilion, and refused to scatter even after Emperor Xuanzong came out to comfort them and order them to disperse. Chen publicly urged him to put Consort Yang to death — which Emperor Xuanzong initially declined. After Wei Jiansu's son Wei E (韋諤) and Gao Lishi spoke further, Emperor Xuanzong finally resolved to do so. He therefore had Gao take Consort Yang to a Buddhist shrine and strangle her. After he showed the body to Chen and the other imperial guard generals, the guard soldiers finally dispersed and prepared for further travel. Meanwhile, Yang Guozhong's wife Pei Rou (裴柔), son Yang Xi (楊晞), the Lady of Guo, and the Lady of Guo's son Pei Hui (裴徽) tried to flee, but were killed in flight. Consort Yang was buried at Mawei, without a coffin, but with masses of fragrances, wrapped in purple blankets.
In 757, Prince Li Heng, who had taken the throne as Emperor Suzong, recaptured Chang'an and welcomed ex-Emperor Xuanzong, then Taishang Huang (retired emperor) back to the capital. Emperor Xuanzong went through Mawei on his way back to Chang'an. He wanted to locate Consort Yang's body and rebury her with honor. The official Li Kui spoke against it, pointing out that the imperial guard soldiers would still be prone to reprisals if he did so. However, Emperor Xuanzong secretly sent eunuchs to rebury her with a coffin. When they found the body, it had decomposed, but the fragrance bag buried with her was still fresh. The eunuchs returned with the fragrance bag, and upon its presentation to Emperor Xuanzong, he wept bitterly. When he returned to Chang'an, he had a painter create a picture of Consort Yang in a secondary palace, and often went there to view the portrait.
Titles from birth to death
1 June 719-733 (14 years old) Lady Yang
733-737 (14 to 18 years old) Princess of Shou
737-745 (18 to 26 years old) Priestess Taizhen
745-15 July 756 (26 to 37 years old) Consort Yang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Guifei
人物: 楊貴妃 (YANG Guifei, 719-756)
楊貴妃 (양귀비, 719~756)
楊貴妃(양귀비)
양귀비(楊貴妃, 719년 6월 1일 ~ 756년 7월 15일)는 당 현종의 후궁이자, 며느리이다. 성은 양(楊), 이름은 옥환(玉環)이며, 귀비는 황비로 순위를 나타내는 칭호이다. 현종 황제의 총애를 받았지만, 정도가 지나쳐 안사의 난을 일으키는 원인이 되었기 때문에 경국의 미인이라고도 부른다.
서시(西施), 왕소군(王昭君), 초선(貂蟬)과 더불어 중국의 4대 미인 중의 한 사람으로 손꼽힌다.
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/양귀비_(사람)
양귀비(楊貴妃, 719년 6월 1일 ~ 756년 7월 15일)는 당 현종의 후궁이자, 며느리이다. 성은 양(楊), 이름은 옥환(玉環)이며, 귀비는 황비로 순위를 나타내는 칭호이다. 현종 황제의 총애를 받았지만, 정도가 지나쳐 안사의 난을 일으키는 원인이 되었기 때문에 경국의 미인이라고도 부른다.
서시(西施), 왕소군(王昭君), 초선(貂蟬)과 더불어 중국의 4대 미인 중의 한 사람으로 손꼽힌다.
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/양귀비_(사람)
晏殊 (안수, Yàn shū, 991~1055)
안수 (晏殊, 991~1055)
異名: 晏殊, Yàn shū, 자 동숙(同叔), 시호 원헌공(元獻公)
국적: 중국 북송(北宋)
활동분야: 정치
출생지: 중국 장시성[江西省] 푸저우 린촨[撫州臨川]
주요저서: 《주옥사(珠玉詞)》(1권)
중국 북송(北宋)의 정치가이자 문인. 인종 때 형부상서 ·추밀사 등을 지냈으며 후배 양성에 힘쓰고 학교를 부흥시켰다. 시문에 능하였으며 현재 사집(詞集)인 《주옥사(珠玉詞)》가 남아있다.
異名: 晏殊, Yàn shū, 자 동숙(同叔), 시호 원헌공(元獻公)
국적: 중국 북송(北宋)
활동분야: 정치
출생지: 중국 장시성[江西省] 푸저우 린촨[撫州臨川]
주요저서: 《주옥사(珠玉詞)》(1권)
중국 북송(北宋)의 정치가이자 문인. 인종 때 형부상서 ·추밀사 등을 지냈으며 후배 양성에 힘쓰고 학교를 부흥시켰다. 시문에 능하였으며 현재 사집(詞集)인 《주옥사(珠玉詞)》가 남아있다.
晏幾道 (안기도, Yàn Jǐdào)
안기도(晏幾道)
異名: 晏几道, Yàn Jǐdào
안수(晏殊, 991~1055)의 일곱째 아들. 자를 숙원(叔原)이라 하며, 사(詞)에 능하여 《소산사(小山詞)》(l권) 등이 있다. 아버지를 닮은 온화한 작풍(作風)을 보여주고 있다.
異名: 晏几道, Yàn Jǐdào
안수(晏殊, 991~1055)의 일곱째 아들. 자를 숙원(叔原)이라 하며, 사(詞)에 능하여 《소산사(小山詞)》(l권) 등이 있다. 아버지를 닮은 온화한 작풍(作風)을 보여주고 있다.
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