陳壽(진수, 233~297)
異名: 陈寿(Chén Shòu), 자(字) 승조(承祚)
출생지: 중국 쓰촨성[四川省] 난충[南充]
국적: 중국 촉한(蜀漢)~서진(西晋)
활동분야: 역사학
주요저서: 삼국지(三國志)
중국 서진(西晋)의 역사가로서 삼국시대(三國時代)의 역사를 다룬 <삼국지(三國志)>를 저술하였다.
元太祖 (Genghis Khan, 1162-1227)
Genghis Khan (1162-1227)
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,[4][5] Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ]; 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons.[6] He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.[7]
Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.[8]
Quotes·Quotations by Genghis Khan
Death
¶ If my body dies, let my body die, but do not let my country die.
Politics
¶ With Heaven's aid I have conquered for you a huge empire. But my life was too short to achieve the conquest of the world. That task is left for you.
Footnotes
[1]^ Central Asiatic Journal (O. Harrassowitz) 5: 239. 1959. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
[2]^ a b Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan was born in 1155, while the Yuanshi (元史, History of the Yuan dynasty records his year of birth as 1162. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the Altan Tobci, Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.
[3]^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 0-631-16785-4. "It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree."
[4]^ "Genghis Khan". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
[5]^ "Genghis Khan". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
[6]^ John Joseph Saunders The History of the Mongol Conquests
[7]^ a b Ian Jeffries (2007). Mongolia: a guide to economic and political developments. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–7. ISBN 0-415-42545-X
[8]^ "Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
曾鞏 (Zeng Gong, 1019-1083)
Zeng Gong (曾鞏, 1019-1083)
Zeng Gong (Chinese: 曾鞏; pinyin: Zēng Gǒng, 1019–1083), courtesy name Zigu (子固), was a Chinese scholar and historian of the Song Dynasty in China. He was one of the supporters of the New Classical Prose Movement (新古文運動) and is regarded as founder of one of the Eight Great Schools of Thought of the Tang and Song dynasties (唐宋八大家).
Zeng Gong was born in Jianchang (建昌, modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He is said to have written Liulun 六論 ("Six arguments") when he was only twelve. After the work was praised by Ouyang Xiu, one of the intellectual leaders of the era, Zeng Gong became widely known among literary circles.
In 1037, at the age of eighteen, he moved to Yushan county (玉山縣, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi) to accompany his father Zeng Yizhan (曾易占), who had been appointed magistrate there. Whilst in Yushan, he travelled extensively in its hinterlands and wrote You Xinzhou Yushan Xiaoyan Ji (遊信州玉山小岩記). The work was divided into five sections. The first describes the geography of Yushan, followed by sections on the caves, rocks etc. Zeng's youthful descriptions show his vivid imagination and literary talent. In his twenties, Zeng Gong travelled widely throughout China, befriending the would be reformer Wang Anshi and later recommending him to Ouyang Xiu.
In 1057, Zeng Gong achieved the degree of jinshi and was appointed to a military post in the provinces. The next year, he was recalled to the capital and served within the department of history - collecting and drafting documents. From 1069, he was appointed successively as the head of Qizhou (齊州), Xiangzhou (襄州), Hongzhou, Fuzhou, Mingzhou (明州) and Haozhou.
In 1080, on route to a fresh appointment in Cangzhou, Zeng was granted an audience with Emperor Shenzong. The emperor was suitably impressed and allowed Zeng to stay at the capital to work on a history of the Five Dynasties period. Zeng Gong was promoted to become Aide to the Master of Writings (中書舍人) in 1082. He died the next year in Jiangning. The new monarch Emperor Lizong granted him the posthumous appellation of "Wending" (文定).
Zeng Gong produced some four hundred poems in his lifetime and a number of essays. His style of prose writing is mostly discursive rather than argumentative. In terms of political philosophy, Zeng was a firm follower of Ouyang Xiu. For this reason his reputation as leader of one of the eight great schools of philosophy has largely been overshadowed by that of his mentor. Among Zeng Gong's collected works are fifty chapters of Yuanfeng Leigao (元豐類稿), forty chapters of the Xu Yuanfeng Leigao (續元豐類稿) and thirty chapters of the Longping Ji (隆平集).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Gong
人物: 曾鞏 (Zeng Gong, 1019-1083)
Zeng Gong (Chinese: 曾鞏; pinyin: Zēng Gǒng, 1019–1083), courtesy name Zigu (子固), was a Chinese scholar and historian of the Song Dynasty in China. He was one of the supporters of the New Classical Prose Movement (新古文運動) and is regarded as founder of one of the Eight Great Schools of Thought of the Tang and Song dynasties (唐宋八大家).
Zeng Gong was born in Jianchang (建昌, modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He is said to have written Liulun 六論 ("Six arguments") when he was only twelve. After the work was praised by Ouyang Xiu, one of the intellectual leaders of the era, Zeng Gong became widely known among literary circles.
In 1037, at the age of eighteen, he moved to Yushan county (玉山縣, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi) to accompany his father Zeng Yizhan (曾易占), who had been appointed magistrate there. Whilst in Yushan, he travelled extensively in its hinterlands and wrote You Xinzhou Yushan Xiaoyan Ji (遊信州玉山小岩記). The work was divided into five sections. The first describes the geography of Yushan, followed by sections on the caves, rocks etc. Zeng's youthful descriptions show his vivid imagination and literary talent. In his twenties, Zeng Gong travelled widely throughout China, befriending the would be reformer Wang Anshi and later recommending him to Ouyang Xiu.
In 1057, Zeng Gong achieved the degree of jinshi and was appointed to a military post in the provinces. The next year, he was recalled to the capital and served within the department of history - collecting and drafting documents. From 1069, he was appointed successively as the head of Qizhou (齊州), Xiangzhou (襄州), Hongzhou, Fuzhou, Mingzhou (明州) and Haozhou.
In 1080, on route to a fresh appointment in Cangzhou, Zeng was granted an audience with Emperor Shenzong. The emperor was suitably impressed and allowed Zeng to stay at the capital to work on a history of the Five Dynasties period. Zeng Gong was promoted to become Aide to the Master of Writings (中書舍人) in 1082. He died the next year in Jiangning. The new monarch Emperor Lizong granted him the posthumous appellation of "Wending" (文定).
Zeng Gong produced some four hundred poems in his lifetime and a number of essays. His style of prose writing is mostly discursive rather than argumentative. In terms of political philosophy, Zeng was a firm follower of Ouyang Xiu. For this reason his reputation as leader of one of the eight great schools of philosophy has largely been overshadowed by that of his mentor. Among Zeng Gong's collected works are fifty chapters of Yuanfeng Leigao (元豐類稿), forty chapters of the Xu Yuanfeng Leigao (續元豐類稿) and thirty chapters of the Longping Ji (隆平集).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Gong
人物: 曾鞏 (Zeng Gong, 1019-1083)
朱熹 (Zhu Xi, 1130-1200)
Zhu Xi (1130-1200)
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (Chinese: 朱熹, October 18, 1130, Youxi, Fujian Province, China – April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contribution to Chinese philosophy include his assigning special significance to the Analects of Confucius, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts formed the basis of Chinese bureaucracy and government for over 700 years.
Quotes·Quotations by Zhu Xi
Time
¶ 少年易老学难成，一寸光阴不可轻。
The young become old soon. It takes a lot of time to learn something. We must not waste any time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi
朱憙 (주희, 1130~1200)
朱憙(주희, 1130~1200)
朱憙(zhūxǐ)
남송(南宋)의 유학자(儒學者)로 주자(朱子)라는 존칭으로도 불린다. 성(姓)은 주(朱), 휘(諱)는 희(熹)이며, 자(字)는 원회(元晦) · 중회(仲晦)이다. 그리고, 호(号)는 회암(晦庵) · 회옹(晦翁) · 운곡노인(雲谷老人) · 창주병수(滄洲病叟) · 둔옹(遯翁)이다. 중국 복건성(福建省) 우계(尤溪)에서 출생했으며 19세에 진사가 된 후 여러 관직을 지내면서 맹자 · 공자 등의 학문에 전념하였으며 주돈이 · 정호 · 정이 등의 사상을 이어받았다. 그는 유학을 집대성하였으며 '오경'의 진의를 밝히고 '주자학'을 창시하여 완성시켰다.
주희는 주렴계, 정주로 대표되는 이전 송학의 흐름을 이어받아 이를 집대성하고 종래 유교가 불,도에 비해 사상적인 약점이었던 이론적 결여를 보완하는 우주론적, 인간론적 형이상학을 수립하게 된다. 이로써 한당의 훈고학적인 한계에서 벗어나 윤리학으로서의 본래성을 되찾는 한편 그것을 우주론적인 체계 속에 자리잡게 하고자 했다.
이후 주자의 철학은 20세기 초에 이르기까지 동아시아를 지배하는 주도 이념으로 자리잡는다.
저서(著書)에 자치통감강목, 사서집주, 근사록 등(等)이 있다.
주요 작품
資治通鑑綱目(자치통감강목)
관련 항목
근사록 | 사서오경 | 사서집주 | 주자어류 |
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/주희
朱憙(zhūxǐ)
남송(南宋)의 유학자(儒學者)로 주자(朱子)라는 존칭으로도 불린다. 성(姓)은 주(朱), 휘(諱)는 희(熹)이며, 자(字)는 원회(元晦) · 중회(仲晦)이다. 그리고, 호(号)는 회암(晦庵) · 회옹(晦翁) · 운곡노인(雲谷老人) · 창주병수(滄洲病叟) · 둔옹(遯翁)이다. 중국 복건성(福建省) 우계(尤溪)에서 출생했으며 19세에 진사가 된 후 여러 관직을 지내면서 맹자 · 공자 등의 학문에 전념하였으며 주돈이 · 정호 · 정이 등의 사상을 이어받았다. 그는 유학을 집대성하였으며 '오경'의 진의를 밝히고 '주자학'을 창시하여 완성시켰다.
주희는 주렴계, 정주로 대표되는 이전 송학의 흐름을 이어받아 이를 집대성하고 종래 유교가 불,도에 비해 사상적인 약점이었던 이론적 결여를 보완하는 우주론적, 인간론적 형이상학을 수립하게 된다. 이로써 한당의 훈고학적인 한계에서 벗어나 윤리학으로서의 본래성을 되찾는 한편 그것을 우주론적인 체계 속에 자리잡게 하고자 했다.
이후 주자의 철학은 20세기 초에 이르기까지 동아시아를 지배하는 주도 이념으로 자리잡는다.
저서(著書)에 자치통감강목, 사서집주, 근사록 등(等)이 있다.
주요 작품
資治通鑑綱目(자치통감강목)
관련 항목
근사록 | 사서오경 | 사서집주 | 주자어류 |
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/주희
周敦頤 (ZHOU Dunyi, 1017–1073)
ZHOU Dunyi (周敦頤, 1017–1073)
Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) (traditional Chinese: 周敦頤; simplified Chinese: 周敦颐; pinyin: Zhōu Dūnyí; Wade–Giles: Chou Tun-i), born Zhou Dunshi (周敦實), courtesy name Maoshu (茂叔), was a Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist born in present-day Yongzhou during the Song Dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this way, he emphasizes that humans can master their qi ("vital life energy") in order to accord with nature. He was a major influence to Zhu Xi, who was the architect of Neo-Confucianism. Zhou Dunyi was mainly concerned with Taiji (supreme polarity) and Wuji (limitless potential), the yin and yang, and the wu xing (the five phases). He is also venerated and credited in Taoism as the first philosopher to popularize the concept of the taijitu, or "yin-yang symbol".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi
人物: 周敦頤 (ZHOU Dunyi, 1017–1073)
Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) (traditional Chinese: 周敦頤; simplified Chinese: 周敦颐; pinyin: Zhōu Dūnyí; Wade–Giles: Chou Tun-i), born Zhou Dunshi (周敦實), courtesy name Maoshu (茂叔), was a Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist born in present-day Yongzhou during the Song Dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this way, he emphasizes that humans can master their qi ("vital life energy") in order to accord with nature. He was a major influence to Zhu Xi, who was the architect of Neo-Confucianism. Zhou Dunyi was mainly concerned with Taiji (supreme polarity) and Wuji (limitless potential), the yin and yang, and the wu xing (the five phases). He is also venerated and credited in Taoism as the first philosopher to popularize the concept of the taijitu, or "yin-yang symbol".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi
人物: 周敦頤 (ZHOU Dunyi, 1017–1073)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)